Revised Outline with Script!

Who; Robert Bellarmine, Cardinal, Doctor of the church, Chief Theologian.

When;  1542-1621; trial was 1633;

Stance;  a little annoyed that Galileo went against the church, against the previous oath of  penance. Beallarmine would be upset by his contrariness, and the blatant contradiction, not so much against the evidence.

Mentality; Maintain status quo, no change, Conservative, adhere to scripture, shun the blatant excesses of Catholicism (Asceticism)

Given your assigned role, would you have seen Galileo as guilty or innocent?
Cardinal Bellarmine would have judged Galileo as guilty; Due to his earlier run-in with Galileo, <See Here>  and his statement describing how Galileo "abjured" from his teaching of the Copernican Method which "could not be defended or held" (>source<). If Galileo truly meant what he swore in front of Bellarmine, and renounced his wrongful ways, then his actions could only be seen as an act of dishonesty, and the devil. Therefore, he should have been chastised- though not burned. Even the best of people and intentions can at times be misled by the Prince of Darkness; Let Galileo plead guilty and come back to the Church's warm embrace. Let him face the Church's justice, and end this farce. After all, Bellarmine himself witnessed Galileo swear about the indefensible nature of Copernican doctrine- how can he support it now? Either way, he is a liar.  

I, Cardinal Robert Bellarmine, Chief Theologian of the Catholic Church, do find Galileo to be Guilty on all charges. Having done penance with me on an earlier occasion, and then, afterwards recanting his penance to follow this error in his ways, I would counsel a severe punishment- although one short of Death. To turn the other cheek is to show the goodwill of the Church, something Our Lord above would approve of. If Galileo, in his sin, should wander from the path of Righteousness, then we, as shepherds of the peoples, should return him to the fold- firmly, if need be. Let him spend his times as the Benedictines do, cloistered either in a monastery or his townhouse. culpae poenae par esto – Let his punishment fit the crime; he shall think about his sins in penance just as long as he harbored those sins in his heart and believed them to be true.

View of Scientists;
Bellarmine had nothing against science- in fact he was quite learned. That being said, he was against the newer ideas, especially those that went against Catholic Doctrine. Even though Galileo went against the Scriptures, Bellarmine still pursued a second opinion from Jesuit astronomers. (>source<). After wringing a promise to never again support Copernicanism from Galileo (>Source<), Bellarmine continued to maintain the status quo as best he could. So long as those scientists never caused too much trouble by going against the Church, Bellarmine seems to have enjoyed their search for knowledge. (>Source<). Interestingly enough, Bellarmine even covered himself in the case that the science was actually right, and he was wrong, in his historic letter to Father Foscarini (>seen here<) he actually described what the Church should do in that case. Bellarmine advocated that the Church should " proceed with great circumspection in explaining passages of Scripture which appear to teach the contrary, and we should rather have to say that we did not understand them than declare an opinion to be false which is proved to be true."(>seen here<). Thus, Bellarmine might like some branches of science for the learning, and dislike others that contradicted the church, but he was a pragmatic person who had a plan for the overall good and preservation of the Catholic church.

I have no quarrel with those scholars who seek to learn the workings of the world, on the contrary, I find them quite fascinating. However, there are those among this learned group who are wolves in sheep’s skin; They preach the teaching of the devil, and ignore Scripture and the Holy Word altogether. Those men are worse than all the witches west of the Vatican! They assume the guise of the educated, and other, less knowledgeable folk, who do not recognize the true danger to their immortal soul, imbibe the poisonous heresy of these men, such as Galileo, or Copernicus, who verge on denying the truth of the Bible itself! Those Theologians, such as myself, who concern ourselves with matters of the spirit are hard pressed to undo the efforts of these serpents, and yet, there are some gentlemen who walk the path of light, and seek knowledge not to surpass God, like the covetous Eve, but to better the life of the common man. The latter have my wholehearted support, for they help a community and a congregation flourish.

Attitudes towards church authorities;
Bellarmine was, in actuality, THE Church authority. As the Chief Theologian, he had to troubleshoot many of these disputes, and he was not fond of things that threatened the status quo.

" the seventy-four-year old Cardinal Bellarmine "was no friend of novelties"  (although, unlike some of Galileo's other detractors, he had at least looked through a telescope and given--in 1611--an audience to Galileo).  In his innate conservatism he saw the Copernican universe as threatening to the social order.  To Bellarmine and much of the Church's upper echelon, the science of the matter was beyond their understanding--and in many cases their interest.  They cared about administration and preserving the power of the papal superstate more than they did getting astronomical facts right." (>Source<) This excerpt shows that Bellarmine was friends with several of the upper-echelon church members, and he stood to benefit from their status within the church. Thus, the status quo must be held. Otherwise, however, his outstanding Ascetism threatened the other Cardinals so much so that they prevented his bid for the papcy because Bellarmine might actually make the rest of the Cardinals live by his standards of poverty and simplicity. There are those of my brothers who forego their traditions of asceticism, and lavish themselves with the riches of the church. This I will not adopt, yet I must condone it even as I secretly condemn it. Though I may never reach the high and Holy Office of the Papacy, as the Chief Theologian, I have some sway amongst my Brethren. Very few men have more pull in the Synod, and as such, I feel very warmly towards my fellow superiors and inferiors equally.

Concerns about natural and social order; Bellarmine might not have worried too much about natural order, given his position within the Church. Not much is said about Bellarmine's personal beliefs, other than his devotion to the Church, status quo, and his conservatism regarding change. Any theories regarding social order would most likely have been met with a debate about how either natural or social law was divine law- and then some choice verses of Scripture to support it. No solid evidence, however.

Those who adopt attitudes of knowledge and discontent are of greatest concern. The traditional cultists and witches have declined to wear new skin. Now, members of the learned and of the congregations alike speak out against Mother Church, against her orders, and her sacred traditions. These unruly souls, should they contaminate others across Europe, may cause a conflagration across this land, the likes and results of which are too expansive to foretell. Nevertheless, it is my worry that those souls who are swayed by these false prophets will be so embittered by their treatment, of which my some of my brothers have undoubtedly been negligent, that they shall rise up in the revolt. Therefore, much caution must be exercised when dealing with these new dangers- these “enlightened” men.

Attitudes towards novelty;
He disliked it. Apparently he was "no friend of novelties" >http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/trials29.htm<, and given his various versions of his letter to Foscarini, (>here< and >here<), it is not likely that Bellarmine would have supported Galileo even if his findings had not been contrary to the Church's teachings.

There are times and places for many things. God above has seen fit to place the sun in the heavens to guide our lives in prayer, and in work. There are seasons and there are holy days. And yet, these “Novelties” spring up with a regularity that belies their name, with one taking the place of another. There is no place for novelty in the order and sacred space of the Catholic Church. If it takes place outside of the Bible, then how can it be from the heavenly realm? If it is not of Heaven, then it is of Hell. If it is of Hell, then it should be burned and purified, never to taint the earth or tempt the weak-minded!

Reading of Galileo's Actions and Defense; Actually, I am inclined to believe that given what Galileo did, the reaction of Bellarmine to it would have fit the actual reaction of the Church. Though he was Chief Theologian, and very conservative, Bellarmine was not cruel. Therefore, by keeping Galileo under perpetual house arrest, and limiting his influence on the outside world, Belarmine would have fulfilled his duties as Chief Theologian, given Galileo a second chance to save his soul, and shown his kind nature- all the while holding Galileo as an example for those who would speak out in the future. But perhaps an even more appealing notion for Bellarmine was the life of enforced asceticism and reflection he could force onto Galileo, which both shows the mercy of the Catholic Church while forwarding it's ideal of ascetic living, an ideal that Bellarmine adopted.
<http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/galileo/keyfigures.html#Galileo>
<http://galileo.rice.edu/chr/bellarmine.html>

Guilty;  YES. Galileo is most unfortunately guilty, because he did not listen to my own warnings about the feelings of mother church about unsupported heretical statements that not only threaten but contradict the position of the Clergy. “In 1616 Bellarmine became involved in the Copernican controversy, which was brought to a head by the publication of Paolo Antonio Foscarini's book defending the Copernican system from the charge that it clashed with the Scriptures. It was he who administered the controversial admonition to Galileo not to hold or defend the Copernican theory” <http://galileo.rice.edu/chr/bellarmine.html>

I, Cardinal Robert Bellarmine, Chief Theologian of the Catholic church, find him guilty of all these sins, and vote to punish him by stripping him of his credentials and confining him to a term of self-reflection and penitance. Accordingly we recommend to the Holy Office that Galileo be punished for a length of time not less than 30 years. If, by the grace of God, Ser Galileo is finally able to see the light and recant, may he go free.

Other Grievances/ Axe to Grind; Not really, other than the quite apparent dislike of a change in the Status Quo, and the fact that Galileo went against both Scripture and his vow to never again follow the doctrine of Copernicanism. So perhaps some mild ire for breaking his oath, and for upsetting the church, but still stopping short of death, barring some major heretical incident. Because the first time Galileo had gotten a slap on the wrist, this time around would be "Strike two", an intermediary between a verbal admonishment and execution.

Being a gracious soul, and aware of my position as Chief Theologian of the Catholic Church, I, Robert Bellarmine, do advocate for the abeyance of Galileo’s Punishment. Rather than death at the stake, I advise that we put aside our petty differences and allow this man a further chance of redemption. After taking the path of falsehood, and pursuing this heresy after his session of penance, Galileo is in need of further and sterner guidance if he is ever to return to the folds of Mother Church. It is for his own good, and for the best interests of the rest of the Church’s earthly congregation.

BELLARMINE; When did he live? 1542-1621
What was the mentality/worldview of your character? Conservative. He wanted to maintain the status quo to the Catholic church, not necessarily against new learnings, but against the way those learnings were presented that were contrary to the Catholic Church's position on the matter. So long as they had evidence, and could be fit in to the Church's teachings, then they were acceptable, but because Bellarmine was not a fan of novelties, he did not like any huge shifts in power.  Actually was one of the true people who deserved his position, because he believed in acesticism, but ironically that stopped him from being pope, because many of his peers didn’t believe he would keep the papacy and higher levels of the church at their same comfy positions and they might actually have to act out their beliefs.

I have lived a full life, and do not like to see things change upon the breath of air. Those traditions that remain in practice over the passage of time do so by the grace of God, and thus, the new bears the possibility of Satan’s sin. Lest any give in to Temptation, all new ideas should be firmly grounded in the precepts of Catholicism, so that all may rejoice in the glory of our lord God. Let those in power remain in power, and let things improve, rather than change!

 If he was active during the trial, what position did s/he take? N/A
If your character lived before or after the historical trial, figure out what position they would have taken, if they had access to a time machine. Bellarmine would most likely rebuke Galileo, and demand more evidence/an explanation for this second infraction. A stern punishment might be in order, if Galileo did not recant, and something like exile, excommunication, or imprisonment else shy of death might be in order to get the point of "Strike 2" across to Galileo. 

See all script above; However, there is also;

There are many consequences for Galileo’s actions, however, Death need not arise from them. This man (Galileo) has within him great potential; let him instead be used for the good of the Church. Excommunication, though ineffective would limit his contact with our congregation. Exile would only accomplish his use by one of our rivals. Therefore, let him remain in the care of Mother Church and thus be conditioned to learn the words of Christ and the Prophets.

What Basis ?; questioning the holy scripture and the power of the Church; the tenet that since God made humans in his image, they must be at the center, with everything revolving around them.

“Galileo's discoveries changed all that. Beginning with Sidereus Nuncius in 1610, Galileo brought the issue before a wide audience. He continued his efforts, ever more boldly, in his letters on sunspots, and in his letter to the Grand Duchess Christina (circulated in manuscript only) he actually interpreted the problematical biblical passage in the book of Joshua to conform to a heliocentric cosmology. More importantly, he argued that the Bible is written in the language of the common person who is not an expert in astronomy. Scripture, he argued, teaches us how to go to heaven, not how the heavens go. At about the same time, Paolo Antonio Foscarini, a Carmelite theologian in Naples, published a book in which he argued that the Copernican theory did not conflict with Scripture. It was at this point that Church officials took notice of the Copernican theory and placed De Revolutionibus on the Index of Forbidden Books until corrected.

Galileo's Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems of 1632 was a watershed in what had shaped up to be the "Great Debate." Galileo's arguments undermined the physics and cosmology of Aristotle for an increasingly receptive audience. His telescopic discoveries, although they did not prove that the Earth moved around the Sun, added greatly to his argument” <http://galileo.rice.edu/sci/theories/copernican_system.html>

 Galileo ARGUED with the Church in a confrontational manner about Scripture. Even though the “common person” might not “know how the heavens go” … the Cardinals don’t really care for anything that causes trouble. Also, Galileo almost seems to TRY to make the Church officials angry.

SOURCES;

<http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1615bellarmine-letter.asp>

<http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02411d.htm>

<http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/galileo/keyfigures.html#Bellarmine>

<http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/galileo/bellarminestatement.html>

Letter to Foscarini <http://www.historyguide.org/earlymod/foscarini.html>

<http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1615bellarmine-letter.asp>

Catholic Scholastic Theologians, Inquisitors, Demonologists, Popes, Saints, Catholic artists:

St. Thomas Aquinas; Sumna Theologica; inf by Aristotle

He would have debated/disputed with galileo about the sun, and not so much about the actual evidence, but he would have argued the Copernican theory with Galileo, and sided with bellarmine about how it is good so long as it didn’t go against catholic doctrine.

Heinrich Kramer (Latinized: Heinrich Institutoris); (c. 1430, Sélestat, Alsace–1505, Brünn or Olmütz) also known under the Latinized name Henricus Institoris,^[1][2] was a German churchman and inquisitor. Malleus Maleficarium = The hammer of the witches

Would have claimed Galileo was acting by the devil, and then tortured a confession out of him, then burned/hung/drowned him.

Pope Leo X; Pope Leo X (11 December 1475 – 1 December 1521), born Giovanni di Lorenzo de' Medici, was the Pope from 1513 to his death in 1521. He was the last non-priest (only a deacon) to be elected Pope. He is known for granting indulgences for those who donated to reconstruct St. Peter's Basilica and his challenging of Martin Luther's 95 Theses.

Would have tried to shut down Galileo in much the same way as he tried for Luther, anything to fight his loss of authority/power base

 St. Ignatius of Loyola; Ignatius of Loyola (Basque: Iñigo Loiolakoa, Spanish: Ignacio de Loyola) (1491^[1] – July 31, 1556) was a Spanish knight from a Basque noble family, hermit, priest since 1537, and theologian, who founded the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) and was its first Superior General.^[2] Ignatius emerged as a religious leader during the Counter-Reformation. Loyola's devotion to the Catholic Church was characterized by unquestioning obedience to the Catholic Church's authority and hierarchy
BURN HIM. After a lively debate and trial, if he didn’t recant, burn him with the Jesuits. I mean, he’s obviously in cahoots with the devil.

Maffeo Barberni, aka Pope Urban VIII;  Pope Urban VIII (baptised 5 April 1568 – 29 July 1644), born Maffeo Barberini, was pope from 1623 to 1644. He was the last pope to expand the papal territory by force of arms, and was a prominent patron of the arts and reformer of Church missions. However, the massive debts incurred during his papacy greatly weakened his successors, who were unable to maintain the papacy's longstanding political and military influence in Europe. He was also involved in a controversy with Galileo and his theory on heliocentrism during his reign.

Maffeo Barberini was an accomplished man of letters, who published several volumes of verse. Upon Galileo' s return to Florence, in 1610, Barberini came to admire Galileo' s intelligence and sharp wit. During a court dinner, in 1611, at which Galileo defended his view on floating bodies, Barberini supported Galileo against Cardinal Gonzaga. From this point, their patron-client relationship flourished until it was undone in 1633. Upon Barberini' s ascendance of the papal throne, in 1623, Galileo came to Rome and had six interviews with the new Pope. It was at these meetings that Galileo was given permission to write about the Copernican theory, as long as he treated it as a hypothesis. After the publication of Galileo' s Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief Systems of the World, in 1632, the patronage relationship was broken. It appears that the Pope never forgave Galileo for putting the argument of God's omnipotence (the argument he himelf had put to Galileo in 1623) in the mouth of Simplicio, the staunch Aristotelian whose arguments had been systematically destroyed in the previous 400-odd pages. At any rate, the Pope resisted all efforts to have Galileo pardoned

Teresa of Avila, also called Saint Teresa of Jesus, baptized as Teresa Sánchez de Cepeda y Ahumada, (March 28, 1515 – October 4, 1582) was a prominent Spanish mystic, Roman Catholic saint, Carmelite nun, and writer of the Counter Reformation, and theologian of contemplative life through mental prayer. MYSTICAL ECSTACY HAPPY PAIN ETC.

 Let Galileo feel the ecstasy of my pain. Let him wander, or contemplate the monastic life!

Magdalena De Pazzi, great mystics, characterized by an early love of prayer and penance, charity for the poor, and an evangelical spirit.

Life of penance  and ponderance!!!!!!!

Scholastics: How does one do a disputation? It is false to say this. X is wrong and Y is right. Flat out saying something is wrong and you are right.

Be sure to understand Catholic transubstantiation—what does Aristotle have to do with this? What do the Protestants have to say about it? How would your belief in transubstantiation influence your scientific opinions?

Be sure to understand the controversy about the Gregorian calendar—this can hurt you, but if you spin it right it can help you, too. 

For inspiration: look at the art of Catholic artists of the Counter-Reformation to get a sense of Catholic spirituality and aethetics. (Titian, “Asumption of the Virgin”; Annibale Carraci, “Mystic Marriage of St. Catherine”; Rubens)

Consult the Index of Forbidden Books (under links on the class website): beyond the obvious, look up the works of trial participants to see if they were on the list. How can you make use of that information?